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- indicates possessive
- nominalizes verbs and adjectives
- substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases
- (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion
- (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis
- (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
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- indicates such things as location of person or thing, location of short-term action, etc.
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- topic marker particle
- indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated)
- adds emphasis
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- indicates direct object of action
- indicates subject of causative expression
- indicates an area traversed
- indicates time (period) over which action takes place
- indicates point of departure or separation of action
- indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
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- indicates sentence subject (occasionally object)
- indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions)
- but; however; still; and
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- to do
- to cause to become; to make (into); to turn (into)
- to serve as; to act as; to work as
- to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
- to judge as being; to view as being; to think of as; to treat as; to use as
- to decide on; to choose
- to be sensed (of a smell, noise, etc.)
- to be (in a state, condition, etc.)
- to be worth; to cost
- to pass (of time); to elapse
- verbalizing suffix (applies to nouns noted in this dictionary with the part of speech "vs")
- creates a humble verb (after a noun prefixed with "o" or "go")
- to be just about to; to be just starting to; to try to; to attempt to
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- piano
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- casual quoting particle
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- indicates location of action; at; in
- indicates time of action
- indicates means of action; cause of effect; by
- indicates certainty, emphasis, etc.
- and then; so
- indicates continuing action
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- if; when
- and
- with
- particle used for quoting (with speech, thoughts, etc.); quoting particle
- promoted pawn (shogi)
- indicates question (sentence end)
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- also; too; words of similar weight
- about (emphasizing an upper limit); as much as; even
- more; further; other; again
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- to be (of animate objects); to exist
- to stay
- (after the -te form of a verb) verb indicating continuing action or state (i.e. to be ..ing, to have been ..ing)
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- thing; matter
- incident; occurrence; event; something serious; trouble; crisis
- circumstances; situation; state of affairs
- work; business; affair
- after an inflectable word, creates a noun phrase indicating something the speaker does not feel close to
- nominalizing suffix
- pretending to ...; playing make-believe ...
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- this (something or someone close to the speaker (including the speaker), or ideas expressed by the speaker)
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- to become; to get; to grow; to be; to reach; to attain
- to result in; to prove to be
- to consist of; to be composed of
- to succeed; to be complete
- to change into; to be exchanged for
- to play a role
- to be promoted (shogi)
- to do ...
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- sound; noise; report
- note (music)
- fame
- Chinese-derived character reading
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- to be (usu. of inanimate objects); to exist; to live
- to have
- to be located
- to be equipped with
- to happen; to come about
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- musical instrument
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- good; advantage; benefit; welfare
- sake; purpose; objective; aim
- consequence; result; effect
- affecting; regarding; concerning
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- key
- lock
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- gland
- grand
- ground (e.g. land, electrical, base material of textiles, etc.)
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- -like; typical
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- year (e.g. AD)
- counter for years
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- from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since
- from (originator)
- because
- out of (constituent, part)
- through (e.g. window, vestibule)
- after; since (following te-form verb)
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- et cetera; etc.; and the like; and so forth
- (indicating an approximate quote or vague suggestion) or something
- (lessening the significance or value of the previous word) the likes of
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- thing; object
- natural thing; frequently done thing
- used to express emotional involvement
- used in giving a reason
- somehow; somewhat; for some reason
- really; truly
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- from; out of; since; at
- than
- other than; except; but
- more
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- musical performance
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- such things as (non-exhaustive list related to a specific time and place); and ... and
- (after the dictionary form of a verb) the minute (that) ...; no sooner than ...
- punctuational exclamation in haiku, renga, etc.
- interjection expressing surprise
- hi
- yes; what?
- plain copula
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- appearing ...; looking ...
- way to ...; method of ...ing
- form; style; design
- like; similar to
- thing (thought or spoken)
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- to use; to make use of; to utilize; to utilise
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- to call out (to); to call; to invoke
- to summon (a doctor, etc.)
- to invite
- to designate; to name; to brand
- to garner (support, etc.); to gather
- to take as one's wife
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- this (indicating an item near the speaker, the action of the speaker, or the current topic)
- this person (usu. indicating someone in one's in-group)
- now
- here
- I (me)
- certainly
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- to stick; to paste; to affix; to link (e.g. in WWW forums)
- to stretch; to spread; to strain; to tighten
- to form (e.g. ice on a pond)
- to fill; to swell
- to stick out; to put; to slap
- to be expensive
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- increasing
- uploading
- finishing shooting (of a film, etc.)
- close-up
- up (i.e. of a woman's hair)
- being up (i.e. leading in sports)
- warming up
- being over; being finished
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- to be able (in a position) to do; to be up to the task
- to be ready; to be completed
- to be made; to be built
- to be good at; to be permitted (to do)
- to become intimate; to take up (with somebody)
- to grow; to be raised
- to become pregnant
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- echo; reverberation
- sound (esp. the distinctive sound of an object or activity, e.g. rain, gun, gallop, drum); noise
- quality of a sound (e.g. a fine phrase, clear voice, resonant bell); feeling of a sound
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- century; era
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- department (in an organization); division; bureau
- club
- part; component; element
- category
- counter for copies of a newspaper or magazine
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- board; plank
- sheet (of metal); plate (of glass); pane; slab
- cutting board; chopping board
- chef (esp. of high-end Japanese cuisine); cook
- stage (i.e. at a theatre)
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- -made; make
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- again; and; also; still (doing something)
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- difference; variation
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- development; exploitation
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- oscillation; vibration
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- to hold; to carry
- to possess
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- nowadays; modern era; modern times; present-day
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- plain; field
- hidden (structural) member
- wild
- lacking a political post
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- that (something or someone distant from the speaker, close to the listener; actions of the listener, or ideas expressed or understood by the listener); the
- um...; er...; uh...
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- high; tall
- expensive
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- resonance; sympathetic (sound); (being in) sympathy
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- art; craft; technique; technology; engineering; skill
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- book; volume; script
- this; present
- main; head
- real; regular
- counter for long cylindrical things; counter for films, TV shows, etc.; counter for goals, home runs, etc.
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- case; situation
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- modern
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- structure; construction
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- tune; piece of music
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- to use (a thing, method, etc.); to make use of; to put to use
- to use (a person, animal, puppet, etc.); to employ; to handle; to manage; to manipulate
- to use (time, money, etc.); to spend; to consume
- to use (language); to speak
- to take (one's lunch); to circulate (bad money)
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- direction; orientation; bearing; way
- course (e.g. of action)
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- stand; rack; table
- support
- belt
- counter for machines, incl. vehicles
- setting (e.g. in jewellery)
- level (e.g. price level); range (e.g. after physical units); period (of time, e.g. a decade of one's life)
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- ordinal
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- to get; to acquire; to obtain; to procure; to earn; to win; to gain; to secure; to attain
- (after the -masu stem of a verb) to be able to ..., can ...
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- potential; possible; practicable; feasible
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- music; musical movement
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- general; universal
- ordinary; average; common
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- manufacture; production
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- equation; formula; expression
- ceremony
- style
- enforcement regulations (of the ritsuryo)
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- tone color; tone colour; tone quality; timbre
- synthesizer patch; synthesiser patch
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- to step on; to tread on
- to experience; to undergo
- to estimate; to value; to appraise
- to rhyme
- to inherit (the throne, etc.)
- to follow (rules, morals, principles, etc.)
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- mechanism; organization; organisation
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- to strike; to clap; to knock; to dust; to beat
- to play drums
- to abuse; to flame (e.g. on the Internet); to insult
- to use up money
- to call; to invoke (e.g. a function)
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- interior; inside; internal
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- establishment; institution
- installation (of a machine or equipment)
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- many; numerous
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- now; current; present; present time; as of
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- patent; special permission; licence (license); concession; franchise; charter
- proprietary
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- to furnish; to provide for; to equip; to install
- to have ready; to prepare for
- to possess; to have; to be endowed with; to be armed with
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- portion; section; part
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- age; era; period; date
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- someone of that nature; someone doing that work
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- short
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- big; large; great; loud
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- time; hour; moment
- occasion; case
- chance; opportunity; season
- the times; the age; the day
- tense
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- necessary; needed; essential; indispensable
- necessity; need; requirement
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- period; epoch; era; age
- the times; those days
- oldness; ancientness; antiquity
- antique; period piece
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- until (a time); till; to; up to
- to (a place); as far as
- to (an extent); up to; so far as; even
- only; merely
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- other (esp. places and things); the rest
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- to be (animate); to be; to exist
- (after the -te form of a verb) verb indicating continuing action or state (i.e. to be ..ing)
- (after -masu base of verb) indicates contempt or disdain for another's actions
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- -ist (used after a noun indicating someone's occupation, pursuits, disposition, etc.); -er
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- language
- word
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- above; up; over; elder (e.g. daughter)
- top; summit
- surface; on
- before; previous
- superiority; one's superior (i.e. one's elder)
- on top of that; besides; what's more
- upon (further inspection, etc.); based on (and occurring after)
- matters concerning...; as concerns ...
- since (i.e. "for that reason")
- suffix indicating higher social standing
- place of one's superior (i.e. the throne)
- emperor; sovereign; shogun; daimyo
- noblewoman (esp. the wife of a nobleman)
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- to say
- to call (i.e. to give a name)
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- production; manufacture
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- invention
- being enlightened; having the meaning of everything become clear
- intelligent; clever
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- work (e.g. book, film, composition, etc.); opus; performance; production
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- to make; to produce; to manufacture; to build; to construct
- to prepare (food); to brew (alcohol)
- to raise; to grow; to cultivate; to train
- to till
- to draw up (a document); to make out; to prepare; to write
- to create (an artistic work, etc.); to compose
- to coin (a phrase); to organize; to organise; to establish; to found
- to have (a child)
- to make up (one's face, etc.)
- to fabricate (an excuse, etc.)
- to form (a line, etc.)
- to set (a record)
- to commit (a sin, etc.)
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- that (indicating an item or person near the listener, the action of the listener, or something on their mind); it
- that time; then
- there (indicating a place near the listener)
- you
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- not less than; ... and more; ... and upwards
- beyond ... (e.g. one's means); further (e.g. nothing further to say); more than ... (e.g. cannot pay more than that)
- above-mentioned; foregoing
- since ...; seeing that ...
- this is all; that is the end; the end
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- place; situation; position; location
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- effect; effectiveness; efficacy; result
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