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- indicates possessive
- nominalizes verbs and adjectives
- substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases
- (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion
- (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis
- (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
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- indicates such things as location of person or thing, location of short-term action, etc.
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- topic marker particle
- indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated)
- adds emphasis
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- indicates sentence subject (occasionally object)
- indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions)
- but; however; still; and
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- indicates direct object of action
- indicates subject of causative expression
- indicates an area traversed
- indicates time (period) over which action takes place
- indicates point of departure or separation of action
- indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
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- to do
- to cause to become; to make (into); to turn (into)
- to serve as; to act as; to work as
- to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
- to judge as being; to view as being; to think of as; to treat as; to use as
- to decide on; to choose
- to be sensed (of a smell, noise, etc.)
- to be (in a state, condition, etc.)
- to be worth; to cost
- to pass (of time); to elapse
- verbalizing suffix (applies to nouns noted in this dictionary with the part of speech "vs")
- creates a humble verb (after a noun prefixed with "o" or "go")
- to be just about to; to be just starting to; to try to; to attempt to
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- casual quoting particle
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- if; when
- and
- with
- particle used for quoting (with speech, thoughts, etc.); quoting particle
- promoted pawn (shogi)
- indicates question (sentence end)
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- to be (of animate objects); to exist
- to stay
- (after the -te form of a verb) verb indicating continuing action or state (i.e. to be ..ing, to have been ..ing)
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- such things as (non-exhaustive list related to a specific time and place); and ... and
- (after the dictionary form of a verb) the minute (that) ...; no sooner than ...
- punctuational exclamation in haiku, renga, etc.
- interjection expressing surprise
- hi
- yes; what?
- plain copula
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- indicates location of action; at; in
- indicates time of action
- indicates means of action; cause of effect; by
- indicates certainty, emphasis, etc.
- and then; so
- indicates continuing action
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- (after the -masu stem of a verb) to be able to ...; can ...
- to get; to acquire; to obtain; to procure; to earn; to win; to gain; to secure; to attain
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- year (e.g. AD)
- counter for years
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- star; any light-emitting (or reflecting) heavenly body (except for the sun and the moon)
- suspect (police slang)
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- to be hit; to strike
- to touch; to be in contact; to be affixed
- to be equivalent to; to be applicable; to apply to
- to be right on the money (of a prediction, criticism, etc.)
- to be selected (in a lottery, etc.); to win
- to be successful; to go well; to be a hit
- to face; to confront
- to lie (in the direction of)
- to undertake; to be assigned
- to be stricken (by food poisoning, heat, etc.); to be afflicted
- to be called upon (by the teacher)
- to treat (esp. harshly); to lash out at
- to be unnecessary
- (in baseball) to be hitting well; to be on a hitting streak
- (in fishing) to feel a bite
- (of fruit, etc.) to be bruised; to spoil
- to feel (something) out; to probe into; to check (i.e. by comparison)
- to shave
- to be a relative of a person; to stand in a relationship
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- also; too; words of similar weight
- about (emphasizing an upper limit); as much as; even
- more; further; other; again
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- to become; to get; to grow; to be; to reach; to attain
- to result in; to prove to be
- to consist of; to be composed of
- to succeed; to be complete
- to change into; to be exchanged for
- to play a role
- to be promoted (shogi)
- to do ...
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- painful; bitter; heart-breaking
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- game
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- cartoon; comic; comic strip
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- from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since
- from (originator)
- because
- out of (constituent, part)
- through (e.g. window, vestibule)
- after; since (following te-form verb)
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- entry (on stage); appearance (on screen)
- entrance; introduction (into a market)
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- work (e.g. book, film, composition, etc.); opus; performance; production
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- a work; a harvest
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- boy; juvenile; young boy; youth; lad
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- moon
- month
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- eight
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- book; volume; script
- this; present
- main; head
- real; regular
- counter for long cylindrical things; counter for films, TV shows, etc.; counter for goals, home runs, etc.
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- good; advantage; benefit; welfare
- sake; purpose; objective; aim
- consequence; result; effect
- affecting; regarding; concerning
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- et cetera; etc.; and the like; and so forth
- (indicating an approximate quote or vague suggestion) or something
- (lessening the significance or value of the previous word) the likes of
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- ordinal
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- thing; matter
- incident; occurrence; event; something serious; trouble; crisis
- circumstances; situation; state of affairs
- work; business; affair
- after an inflectable word, creates a noun phrase indicating something the speaker does not feel close to
- nominalizing suffix
- pretending to ...; playing make-believe ...
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- from; out of; since; at
- than
- other than; except; but
- more
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- to be (usu. of inanimate objects); to exist; to live
- to have
- to be located
- to be equipped with
- to happen; to come about
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- talk; speech; chat; story; conversation
- discussions; negotiation; argument
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- sale; offering for sale; release (for sale); launch (product)
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- to go
- to proceed; to take place
- to die; to pass away
- to have an orgasm; to come; to cum
- to trip; to get high; to have a drug-induced hallucination
- to continue
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- original work
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- all; whole; entire; complete; overall
- pan-; omni-; toti-
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- -like; typical
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- thing; object
- natural thing; frequently done thing
- used to express emotional involvement
- used in giving a reason
- somehow; somewhat; for some reason
- really; truly
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- series
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- action of making something; -ification
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- the earth; the globe
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- counter for occurrences
- counter for games, rounds, etc.; counter for innings (baseball)
- Islam
- Hui (people)
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- representative; representation; delegation; type; example; model
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- town; block; neighbourhood; neighborhood
- street; road
- 109.09 m
- 0.99 hectares
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- ogre; demon
- spirit of a deceased person
- ogre-like person (i.e. fierce, relentless, merciless, etc.)
- it (i.e. in a game of tag)
- Chinese "ghost" constellation (one of the 28 mansions)
- very; extremely; super-
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- senior high school
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- to be sufficient; to be enough; to be worthy of
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- at that time; in those days
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- someone of that nature; someone doing that work
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- furthermore; still; yet; more; still more; in addition; greater; further
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- face
- mask; face guard
- (in kendo) striking the head
- surface (esp. a geometrical surface)
- page
- aspect; facet; side
- chamfer
- counter for broad, flat objects, levels or stages, e.g. in a video game
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- title
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- last; final; closing
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- until (a time); till; to; up to
- to (a place); as far as
- to (an extent); up to; so far as; even
- only; merely
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- young lady; little girl; virgin; maiden; daughter
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- love; love-making; passion; emotion; affections
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- indicates direction or goal (e.g. "to")
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- -ist (used after a noun indicating someone's occupation, pursuits, disposition, etc.); -er
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- that (something or someone distant from the speaker, close to the listener; actions of the listener, or ideas expressed or understood by the listener); the
- um...; er...; uh...
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- one
- best in; the most (...) in (where an adjective follows)
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- this (something or someone close to the speaker (including the speaker), or ideas expressed by the speaker)
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- pupil
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- to talk; to tell; to recite
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- myself; yourself; oneself; himself; herself
- I; me
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- that (indicating something distant from both speaker and listener (in space, time or psychologically), or something understood without naming it directly)
- that person (used to refer to one's equals or inferiors)
- over there
- down there (i.e. one's genitals)
- period; menses
- that (something mentioned before which is distant psychologically or in terms of time)
- hey (expression of surprise or suspicion); eh?
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- on and after; as from; hereafter; thereafter; since
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- medium; average; middle
- moderation
- middle school
- China
- in; out of (e.g. three out of ten people)
- during (a certain time when one did or is doing something); under (construction, etc.); while
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- subject; contents; matter; substance; detail; import
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- plain; field
- hidden (structural) member
- wild
- lacking a political post
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- that (indicating an item or person near the listener, the action of the listener, or something on their mind); it
- that time; then
- there (indicating a place near the listener)
- you
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- stage (theatre, theater)
- scene or setting (e.g. of novel, play, etc.)
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- soft
- soft hat
- software
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- nature (of a person)
- sex
- gender
- -ty; -ity; -ness; -cy
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- to say
- to call (i.e. to give a name)
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- again; and; also; still (doing something)
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- task; business
- use; duty; service
- call of nature; excretion
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- Sunday
- day (of the month)
- counter for days
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- universe; cosmos; space
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- varied; various
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- many; numerous
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- woman; female
- feminine gender
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- -ian (e.g. Italian, etc.) (attaches to name of country to denote nationality); -er (e.g. performer, etc.) (attaches to name of occupation)
- (usu. in compound words) man; person; people
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- to be (animate); to be; to exist
- (after the -te form of a verb) verb indicating continuing action or state (i.e. to be ..ing)
- (after -masu base of verb) indicates contempt or disdain for another's actions
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- mansion; small castle
- nobleman; noblewoman
- boat cabin
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- to finish; to stop; to end; to put an end to; to bring to a close
- to close (a business, etc.); to close down; to shut down; to shut up
- to put away; to put back; to keep; to store
- to finish ...; to do ... completely
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- start; commencement; beginning; initiation
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- to send; to dispatch; to despatch
- to put; to move; to turn (one's head, glance, etc.)
- to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status); to let have; to present; to bestow; to confer
- to make (a vehicle) go faster
- to do; to undertake; to perform; to play (a game); to study
- to run (a business); to keep; to be engaged in; to practice (law, medicine, etc.); to practise
- to have (food, drink, etc.); to eat; to drink; to smoke
- to hold (a performance); to perform; to show
- to ease (one's mind)
- to harm; to injure; to kill
- to have sex with
- to live; to get by; to get along
- to do ... completely
- to do ... broadly; to do ... to a great distance
- to do ... for (someone of equal or lower status); to do ... to (sometimes with negative nuance)
- to make active efforts to ...
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- prize; award
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- love; tender passion
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- this (indicating an item near the speaker, the action of the speaker, or the current topic)
- this person (usu. indicating someone in one's in-group)
- now
- here
- I (me)
- certainly
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- short term
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- publication (e.g. article in paper); appearance; insertion
- to insert (e.g. an article); to run (e.g. in a newspaper); to carry (e.g. an article)
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- development; evolution; progressing; unfolding
- expansion; spreading out; extending; deployment; building up
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- to perform; to do; to conduct oneself; to carry out
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- to think; to consider; to believe
- to think (of doing); to plan (to do)
- to judge; to assess; to regard
- to imagine; to suppose; to dream
- to expect; to look forward to
- to feel; to desire; to want
- to recall; to remember
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- television; TV
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- date; go on a date
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