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- indicates such things as location of person or thing, location of short-term action, etc.
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- indicates direct object of action
- indicates subject of causative expression
- indicates an area traversed
- indicates time (period) over which action takes place
- indicates point of departure or separation of action
- indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
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- indicates possessive
- nominalizes verbs and adjectives
- substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases
- (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion
- (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis
- (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
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- body
- health
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- to do
- to cause to become; to make (into); to turn (into)
- to serve as; to act as; to work as
- to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
- to judge as being; to view as being; to think of as; to treat as; to use as
- to decide on; to choose
- to be sensed (of a smell, noise, etc.)
- to be (in a state, condition, etc.)
- to be worth; to cost
- to pass (of time); to elapse
- verbalizing suffix (applies to nouns noted in this dictionary with the part of speech "vs")
- creates a humble verb (after a noun prefixed with "o" or "go")
- to be just about to; to be just starting to; to try to; to attempt to
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- topic marker particle
- indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated)
- adds emphasis
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- indicates sentence subject (occasionally object)
- indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions)
- but; however; still; and
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- ornament
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- indicates location of action; at; in
- indicates time of action
- indicates means of action; cause of effect; by
- indicates certainty, emphasis, etc.
- and then; so
- indicates continuing action
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- also; too; words of similar weight
- about (emphasizing an upper limit); as much as; even
- more; further; other; again
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- such things as (non-exhaustive list related to a specific time and place); and ... and
- (after the dictionary form of a verb) the minute (that) ...; no sooner than ...
- punctuational exclamation in haiku, renga, etc.
- interjection expressing surprise
- hi
- yes; what?
- plain copula
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- thing; matter
- incident; occurrence; event; something serious; trouble; crisis
- circumstances; situation; state of affairs
- work; business; affair
- after an inflectable word, creates a noun phrase indicating something the speaker does not feel close to
- nominalizing suffix
- pretending to ...; playing make-believe ...
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- if; when
- and
- with
- particle used for quoting (with speech, thoughts, etc.); quoting particle
- promoted pawn (shogi)
- indicates question (sentence end)
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- et cetera; etc.; and the like; and so forth
- (indicating an approximate quote or vague suggestion) or something
- (lessening the significance or value of the previous word) the likes of
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- casual quoting particle
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- to say
- to call (i.e. to give a name)
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- to see; to look; to watch; to view; to observe
- to look over; to look on; to assess; to examine; to judge
- to look after; to keep an eye on; to take care of
- to view (e.g. flowers, movie)
- to try; to try out
- to see that...; to find that...
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- to become; to get; to grow; to be; to reach; to attain
- to result in; to prove to be
- to consist of; to be composed of
- to succeed; to be complete
- to change into; to be exchanged for
- to play a role
- to be promoted (shogi)
- to do ...
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- to be (usu. of inanimate objects); to exist; to live
- to have
- to be located
- to be equipped with
- to happen; to come about
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- individual; private person; personal; private
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- in this way (used for something or someone close to the speaker, including the speaker himself, or for the opinions of the speaker); thus; such
- uh... (interjection used as a verbal pause)
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- from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since
- from (originator)
- because
- out of (constituent, part)
- through (e.g. window, vestibule)
- after; since (following te-form verb)
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- that (something or someone distant from the speaker, close to the listener; actions of the listener, or ideas expressed or understood by the listener); the
- um...; er...; uh...
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- group; mass
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- pattern; figure; design
- state; condition
- conjecture of the current situation; the way it seems
- model; pattern; example
- (after a noun) indicates that that noun seems likely (e.g. rain or storm)
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- thing; object
- natural thing; frequently done thing
- used to express emotional involvement
- used in giving a reason
- somehow; somewhat; for some reason
- really; truly
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- good; advantage; benefit; welfare
- sake; purpose; objective; aim
- consequence; result; effect
- affecting; regarding; concerning
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- appearing ...; looking ...
- way to ...; method of ...ing
- form; style; design
- like; similar to
- thing (thought or spoken)
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- this (indicating an item near the speaker, the action of the speaker, or the current topic)
- this person (usu. indicating someone in one's in-group)
- now
- here
- I (me)
- certainly
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- -like; typical
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- hole
- deficit; shortage; missing person (in a team, meeting, etc.)
- vacancy; opening
- flaw
- profitable place (or item, etc.) not well known by others
- upset victory (with a large payoff)
- pit (of a theater)
- hiding place
- underbelly (of society, etc.)
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- tendency; trend; inclination
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- to begin
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- by oneself; personally
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- to open (a door, etc.); to unwrap (e.g. parcel, package); to unlock
- to open (for business, etc.)
- to empty; to clear out; to make space; to make room
- to dawn; to grow light
- to end
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- body
- oneself
- one's place; one's position
- main part; meat (as opposed to bone, skin, etc.); wood (as opposed to bark); blade (as opposed to its handle); container(as opposed to its lid)
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- to call out (to); to call; to invoke
- to summon (a doctor, etc.)
- to invite
- to designate; to name; to brand
- to garner (support, etc.); to gather
- to take as one's wife
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- formation; molding; taking form
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- extreme; extremity
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- to be (of animate objects); to exist
- to stay
- (after the -te form of a verb) verb indicating continuing action or state (i.e. to be ..ing, to have been ..ing)
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- mark; sign; landmark
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- to turn on; to switch on; to light up
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- worship; adoration; admiration; cult
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- to decorate; to ornament; to adorn
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- to accompany; to bring with; to be accompanied by; to be involved in; to be consequent upon
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- wick; marrow; staple (for stapler); (pencil) lead; stuffing; pith
- core; heart; centre; center
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- ago; since; before; previous
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- history
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- period; epoch; era; age
- the times; those days
- oldness; ancientness; antiquity
- antique; period piece
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- to use (a thing, method, etc.); to make use of; to put to use
- to use (a person, animal, puppet, etc.); to employ; to handle; to manage; to manipulate
- to use (time, money, etc.); to spend; to consume
- to use (language); to speak
- to take (one's lunch); to circulate (bad money)
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- plain; field
- hidden (structural) member
- wild
- lacking a political post
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- remodeling; remodelling; restructuring
- modding
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- what is called; as it is called; the so-called; so to speak
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- indicates direction or goal (e.g. "to")
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- mankind; humanity
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- uniform
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- decoration
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- to stick through; to force through
- to spread throughout; to thoroughly diffuse
- to make a path between two points
- to proceed in a logical manner
- to let pass; to allow through
- to lead (someone) into (a house, room, etc.); to show in
- to go through (a middleman)
- to (look, listen) through (a window, wall, etc.)
- to pass (a law, applicant, etc.)
- to force to accept; to force agreement
- to continue (in a state); to persist in
- to do to the entirety of; to cover all of; to span the whole ...
- to do from beginning to end without a break
- to convey (one's ideas, etc.) to the other party
- (after the -te form of a verb) to do to the end; to carry through; to complete
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- underwear
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- society; public; community; the world
- social studies
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- the one concerned; the said person
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- serial; consecutive; continuity; occurring in succession; continuing
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- clothes; clothing; garments
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- furthermore; still; yet; more; still more; in addition; greater; further
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- symbol; code; sign; notation
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- ability; faculty
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- reference; bibliographical reference; consultation; browsing (e.g. when selecting a file to upload on a computer); checking out
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- nature; spontaneity
- naturally; spontaneously
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- ordinary; common; usual
- free of charge
- unaffected; as is; safe
- only; merely; just; simply
- but; however; nevertheless
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- tooth
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- force; strength; might; vigour (vigor); energy
- capability; ability; proficiency; capacity; faculty
- efficacy; effect
- effort; endeavours (endeavors); exertions
- power; authority; influence; good offices; agency
- support; help; aid; assistance
- stress; emphasis
- means; resources
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- board; plank
- sheet (of metal); plate (of glass); pane; slab
- cutting board; chopping board
- chef (esp. of high-end Japanese cuisine); cook
- stage (i.e. at a theatre)
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- to put in; to let in; to take in; to bring in; to insert; to set (a jewel, etc.); to ink in (e.g. a tattoo)
- to admit; to accept; to employ; to hire
- to accept; to comply; to grant; to adopt (a policy, etc.); to take (advice, etc.); to listen to; to pay attention to
- to include
- to pay (one's rent, etc.)
- to cast (a vote)
- to make (tea, coffee, etc.)
- to turn on (a switch, etc.)
- to send (a fax); to call
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- model; type (e.g. of machine, goods, etc.)
- type; style; pattern
- mold (mould); template; model
- kata (standard form of a movement, posture, etc. in martial arts, sport, etc.)
- form (i.e. customary procedure)
- size (i.e. clothing, shoes)
- (taxonomical) form
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- on and after; as from; hereafter; thereafter; since
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- act; deed; conduct
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- only; just; as
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- moon
- month
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- myself; yourself; oneself; himself; herself
- I; me
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- selection; choice; option
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- from; out of; since; at
- than
- other than; except; but
- more
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- to insert; to put in (such that there is a snug fit); to button; to put on (something that envelopes, e.g. gloves, ring)
- to have sex; to fuck
- to pigeonhole (into a particular category)
- to place a ring-shaped object around something (esp. one that restricts freedom, such as handcuffs)
- to entrap; to set someone up (i.e. frame them for a crime, etc.)
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- make-up; makeup; cosmetics
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- necklace; choker
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- one part; one portion; one section; some
- one copy (e.g. of a document)
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- tree; wood; timber
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- other (esp. places and things); the rest
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- job; work; employment; occupation; position
- duties
- trade; skill
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- or; otherwise
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- thorn; splinter; spine; biting words
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- someone of that nature; someone doing that work
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- friend; companion; comrade; pal
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- to be (animate); to be; to exist
- (after the -te form of a verb) verb indicating continuing action or state (i.e. to be ..ing)
- (after -masu base of verb) indicates contempt or disdain for another's actions
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- year (e.g. AD)
- counter for years
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- one (esp. of two); the other; one way; the other way; one direction; the other direction; one side; the other side; one party; the other party
- on the one hand; on the other hand
- whereas; although; but at the same time; meanwhile; in turn
- (after noun, adjective-stem or plain verb) just keeps; being inclined to ...; tending to be ...; tending to do ...; continuously ...; just keeps on ...ing; only
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- woman; female
- feminine gender
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- from ... to; between ... and
- or
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- animal
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- human being; man; person
- character (of a person)
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- skin
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